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Cáscaras de pistacho para limpiar el agua

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Tecnología verde: Cáscaras de pistacho para limpiar el agua

Científicos del departamento de Física Aplicada de la Universidad de Extremadura (UEx) y la Universidad de Bath se han unido para producir filtros de carbón activo, un material con alto contenido en carbono y muy poroso que ayuda a limpiar el agua de ciertos compuestos orgánicos; en particular, la cafeína, un contaminante emergente. Para fabricar este filtro han utilizado cáscaras de pistacho, mediante un proceso novedoso y más sostenible que los métodos tradicionales: la hidrocarbonización.

“El proyecto ha estado dividido en dos secciones complementarias, una experimental, realizada en Badajoz, y otra de simulación, desarrollada en la sede de la Universidad de Bath”, declara Silvia Román, investigadora de la UEx y coautora del trabajo, publicado en la revista Molecular Physics.

Tecnología verde: Cáscaras de pistacho para limpiar el agua

La hidrocarbonización se basa en la trituración y disposición en condiciones homogéneas de la biomasa para después, introducidos en agua, someterla dentro de un reactor a un calentamiento en condiciones moderadas de temperatura (150 – 250 ºC), y presión (que se autogenera en el proceso). La acción de estas tres variantes: temperatura, presión y poder oxidante del agua da lugar a una degradación de esa biomasa para enriquecerse en carbono. El uso de los elementos biomásicos asegura la sostenibilidad ambiental de la técnica.

La ventajas de la cáscara de pistacho

“En este estudio, hemos utilizado cáscaras de pistacho para este cometido por el poder calorífico que presenta este material, útil para generar energía, así como por su dureza, que en términos de adsorción es muy importante a la hora de aumentar la eficiencia del proceso”, explica Román. Además, se han añadido ácidos y bases en diferentes proporciones, que aunque no consiguieron mejorar la porosidad del filtro de carbón activo, sí lo hicieron las propiedades de los grupos funcionales de la superficie, que también desempeñan un papel crucial en la adsorción.

Los buenos resultados obtenidos en la eliminación de la cafeína del agua a través de estos filtros biomásicos, animan al equipo de investigación a seguir explorando este mismo procedimiento para otros compuestos orgánicos que sean parecidos a la cafeína, así como continuar ensayando nuevas tácticas para mejorar directamente la porosidad del material del filtro, todavía una asignatura pendiente.

La hidrocarbonización se basa en la trituración y disposición en condiciones homogéneas de la biomasa para después, introducidos en agua, someterla dentro de un reactor a un calentamiento en condiciones moderadas de temperatura (150 – 250 ºC).

 

En los últimos años los investigadores también han puesto su atención en una biomasa muy húmeda y con potencial contaminante: el camalote, una planta acuática invasiva prioritaria de especial relevancia en Extremadura. Según los autores, aquí radica lo interesante de la investigación en hidrocarbonización, dado que otros métodos más tradicionales no funcionan si el material es húmedo.

Referencia bibliográfica:

Román Suero, S., Ledesma, B., Álvarez, A., & Herdes, C. (2018). “Towards sustainable micro-pollutants’ removal from wastewaters: caffeine solubility, self-diffusion and adsorption studies from aqueous solutions into hydrochars”. Molecular Physics (Vol. 116). https://doi.org/10.1080/00268976.2018.1487597

Fuente original: aquí

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